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12. Appendix

• Glossary of terms: logits, perplexity, FLOPs, MoE, LoRA.
• Environment setup (conda, pip, CUDA).
• Full code listing for a 124M GPT model (approx. 300 lines).
• Sample training logs from a run on 10B tokens.

• Normalization, sentence segmentation
• Building a tokenizer; vocab size tradeoffs
• Handling code, math, multilingual text